Both are major music education philosophies with strong influence in Australian primary schools. The Kodály approach centres on the singing voice, solfège, and sequential music literacy — reading and writing music is an explicit goal. The Orff approach (developed by German composer Carl Orff) centres on speech, movement, and instrumental improvisation using body percussion and pitched percussion instruments like xylophones. In practice, many Australian music programs draw on both approaches, using Kodály’s literacy framework alongside Orff’s instrument-based and movement activities.