By the end of Year 4, students should be able to identify, describe and manipulate all of the core elements of music: dynamics (including notation symbols), tempo, pitch (including staff notation and treble clef note names), rhythm (including note values, rests, barlines and time signatures), timbre and form. They should be able to use these elements deliberately in their own compositions to communicate expressive intent—not just identify them in music they hear. This is a meaningful step up from Year 2, where the expectation was identification and description rather than deliberate manipulation.